1. Type:

Cardiac Valvular Stenosis

Cardiac Valvular Incompetence

2. Causes:

I.   Congenital

II.  Acquired

 

     Rheumatic Heart Disease

     Coronary Artery Disease

     DegenerationÆ

     Others

3. Symptoms:

Shortness of breath Ankle swelling Fatigue Irregular heart beat

 

4. Signs:

Pulmonary edema Heart murmur Ventricular thickening /enlargement Heart failure

 

5. Management: I. Medication II. Cardiac catheterization Valvuplasty

III. Surgical treatment Valvotomy / Valve replacement